Criminological Perspectives Essay

Various variables in one’s life can contribute to deviant behaviors, which is analyzed and explained through theory. These variables are but not limited to where one grows up, what type of people you surround yourself with, age, gender, etc. The scenario that this essay will prominently prefer to and use extensively throughout this essay is about a male named Colin in his teens. When growing up, he live on the â€Å"bad side† of town as opposed to most of his friends who lived on the â€Å"right side† of town, and who were a lot more privileged. Colin was from a small town that had many altercations relating to the youth of that community. There was nothing productive for Colin to do in the small town, which caused excessive boredom for him. Colin had been arrested at the age of 15 for stealing gas from a neighbor’s truck, charges were not laid, but the entire community knows of his transgression. Also, Colin took the brunt of the responsibility for a theft in which he was not acting alone. Finally, at the age of 17, Colin left the small town behind and was accepted into a trade college. Colin’s age, where he lives, and his criminal involvement at a young age will be the focus for the rest of the essay. In turn, this paper is going to analyzing a youth from a small town, where there is proven higher rates of crime, and explaining it using two theoretical theories. Thus, by examining the two most highly recognized theories in depth, the Low Self Control Theory and Aker’s Social Learning Theory, and analyzing their strengths and weaknesses, we can then begin to understand why certain crimes occur, particularly in Colin’s scenario. By exploring the Low Self Control Theory, also known as the General Theory of Crime, criminologists can explain why crime occurs. Low Self Control Theory and its presumption about human behavior has been incorporated into different criminological theories over the past decades (Wright, 2000). Low Self Control Theory was created in 1990 by Gottfredson and Hirschi and expanded on the earlier works of Durkheim (1987), Reiss (1951) and also Hirschi’s (1969) earlier work on bonding. The theory evolved to suggest that self-control is the general concept around which all of the known facts about crime can be organized (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). This theory focuses on the nature of crime; that is crimes are committed in the search of pleasure and avoidance of pain (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). The Low Self Control Theory is understood to explain an individual’s tendency to perform or refrain from committing crimes, just as high self-control explains an individual’s likelihood of â€Å"conforming to social norms and laws† (Akers, 1991, pg. 201). Gottfredson and Hirschi explain that the concept of self-control is a learned behavior (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). They note that individuals who are involved with crime also engage in behaviors that provide short-term gratification (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Speeding, unprotected sex, gambling, smoking, and drinking are a few examples of risky behaviors that may be evident in criminals who seek immediate satisfaction (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). The most prominent individual difference is one’s self control or lack of which is composed of six elements; impulsivity, risk taking, a preference for simple tasks, a preference for physical activity, temper and finally self-centeredness (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). The theory then alludes that individuals who have these psychological traits have the opportunity to partake in criminal behaviors and are more likely to participate in criminal activity (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) theory has received attention from theorists and researchers (Grasmick, Tittle, Bursik, Arnekley, 1993). They focused on the proposition that self-control, adopted early in life, determines who will be likely to commit crimes (Grasmick et al, 1993). According to Low Self Control Theory, children with behavioral problems tend to grow into delinquents and eventually into adult offenders (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Gottfredson and Hirschi further argue that the level of self-control largely depends on the quality of parenting in a child’s early years, as the path for or against crime happens early in life (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Furthermore, the theory asserts that parenting is the most crucial factor, which will determine an individual’s level of self-control. If a child has a neglectful upbringing, he or she tends to have the six elements outlined by Low Self Control Theory (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Children whose parents provide adequate care and punish misconduct will develop the self-control needed and resist the easy temptations offered by crime. (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Low Self Control Theory argues that a lack of self-control is neither a sufficient nor essential condition for crime to occur as other factors may offset an individual’s likelihood of committing criminal acts (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Although lack of self-control and the family’s role in its failed development do not mean that an individual will become deviant and take part in criminal events, it will provide situations that will make conditions favorable for delinquency (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Gottfredson and Hirschi unmistakably identify the role of parents as the most essential cause of socialization for adolescent youths (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Hirsch has provided the dynamics of the family’s important role in reducing the chances of childhood delinquency (Hirschi, 1995). As the Low Self Control Theory states, individuals who are ineffectively parented prior to age 10 develop less self-control than their similarly aged and better-parented counterparts. This makes them prone to quick and easy gratification when given the opportunity (Gottfredson & Hirschi 1990). Opportunity of crime is apparent for individuals living in a small town, which is prone to crime. Partaking in different types of crimes, such as Colin does, tend to be exciting, risky, or thrilling and they maintain an adventurous point of view. This is especially the case, since Colin is bored in a small town where no action is available to him. As most of the theory is focused on good parenting, and lack of opportunity, small communities will have a tough time deterring criminals in taking part in crime. However, having more police presence will deter individuals from committing crimes throughout the community, as the criminals will partake in crime as long as the opportunity presents itself. On the contrary, if the individuals are neglected as children or have been in an abusive household it will be extremely difficult to deter individuals to commit crimes. Colin has no friends to play with because he does not reside on the wealthy side of town which could bring about neglect, and/or his parents could be abusive or absent in his childhood years. Aker’s Social Learning Theory consists of four key elements. Firstly, imitation refers to the degree of which an individual mimics behaviour that others may admire. Whether or not the behaviour is imitated is affected by external characteristics such as the characteristics of the model, the behaviour observed, and the observed consequences (Akers & Jenson, 2003). These individuals are more than likely to be people that have a personal relationship. Definitions refer to the level of approval individual’s hold regarding morals and laws as well as specific deviant behaviour. These definitions are both general (religious, moral) and specific (Akers & Jenson, 2003). Differential association is the third element of Aker’s social learning model as it refers to attitudes and patterns of behaviours, which are exposed in interaction with others (Paternoster & Bachman, 2001). Differential association has both behavioural interactional and normative dimensions (Paternoster & Bachman, 2001). Finally, differential reinforcement refers to the anticipated costs and rewards associated with an individual’s given behaviour. An act or action that is considered to experience more rewards than costs is more likely to be performed or repeated (Paternoster & Bachman, 2001). In 1998, Aker’s published a book entitled ‘Social Learning and Social Structure’, where he expands further on Social Learning Theory by explaining crime rates as a function, called the Social Structure-Social Learning Theory. While, Social Learning Theory focuses on individual criminal behaviour, Social Structure-Social Learning focuses on the macro-level causes of crime stating that environments impact the individual through learning (Akers 1998). This theory has the same key principles as Social Learning Theory but due to criticism that he received, Aker’s elaborates on the topic. By examining the principles of Akers’s theory, crime that takes place in Colin’s scenario can be explained. Akers developed a theory that can be applied to many different types of criminals and crimes. However, it is best applied to behavior within groups from which receive reinforcement such as gangs and social/peer groups (Akers, 1998). Furthermore, the theory can be applied to any crime that beings any kind of gain. The gain can include positive attention from their group, or pleasure. In most cases an individual will learn behavior from others and then the behavior is reinforced. Taking into consideration when Colin’s participated in the theft with peers and took all of the blame for it once he was caught. As most of his friends are from the â€Å"right side† of town, and he is not, he may have felt pressure from the upper class to take blame. Also, if crime is being committed in a small town and individuals are witnessing it, it can give other criminals the opportunity to join in as the police work loads double, the chances of getting caught for committing a crime decreases. As per Social Learning Theory, Aker’s states that if the risk is the worth the reward than an individual will proceed in committing crimes. Thus, understanding Aker’s 4 elements of social learning and applying them to Colin’s scenario will give individuals a better chance of successfully avoiding crime. However, the only effective way to do so is to deter criminals by adding the use of security cameras, added police forces, and making examples out of those individuals who are caught. Which is not what happened when Colin was caught for stealing gas out of his neighbors truck. If he were to be made an example out of, the likelihood of it happening again would be low. Out of the two approaches that are being examined, I believe for the example for Colin’s scenario that the Low Self Control Theory is more convincing in explaining the opportunities of committing crime. Although Low Self Control Theory can be applied to the situation, Aker’s Social Learning Theory gives a better understanding of when and why individuals would commit crimes in small towns, such as where Colin is from. As the individuals involved do not necessarily have to have a criminal past, through imitation of their peers and the other elements of social learning, can resort to committing crimes. Other factors that can be included are alcohol, drugs, and peer pressure but as long as the behavior is positively enforced, the individuals will take part in it. Aker’s Social Learning Theory provides a micro perspective on why individual offenders decide to commit specific crimes; people choose to engage in crime because it can be rewarding, easy, satisfying, fun, and in this case, entertaining. Most of the individuals that would be taking place in these crimes would be heavily influenced be external factors and may just fall under the gang mentality. Although both theories have been studied throughout the history of criminology and continue to be expanded, there are many strengths and weaknesses that can be examined. The Low Self Control Theory has received many criticisms as Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that there is only one type of offender and only a single factor, which causes crime. Many researchers found that there are various paths that criminals can take (Goode, 2008). People behave criminally at a different speed than others, commit different types of crimes, and have different external influences that contribute to the behavior (Goode, 2008). Moreover, Low Self Control Theory argues that criminal tendency is unable to change. Therefore, according to this theory, an individual’s personality and behavioral patterns will also never change over the course of a lifetime. However, research shows that life altering events and traditional events such as starting or finishing school, abusing drugs, recovering from drugs, and beginning or ending personal relationships, all clearly impact the probability of behaving criminally (Goode, 2008). This applies to Colin’s scenario, as he may change his criminal ways once being committed to school. On the contrary, Gottfredson and Hirschi were quite popular in the views of American criminologists in the early 1990s. As they identified parenting as the most decisive factor in determining the likelihood that a person will commit crimes, child rearing became an important factor for parents. Despite much criticism, the body of empirical tests of the general theory of crime has been fairly consistent in revealing a link between self-control and crime. Studies have shown that individuals with higher self-control are less likely to engage in criminal activity (Goode, 2008). In the context of Colin’s scenario, the weaknesses that can be exploited is that individuals that are not necessarily criminals may take part in criminal activity due to a number of external factors that have been presented in this paper. These individuals may have had a great upbringing from their parents, but failed to make a positive decision, such as out of boredom. Aker’s Social Learning Theory has also received criticisms over the years although it is not nearly as much as Gottfredson and Hirschi. According to many criminologists, Social Learning Theory does not provide applicable advice for controlling or preventing crime (Jeffery, 1990). It does explain how criminal behavior is ‘transmitted’ from one person to another, which can explain increases in types of crimes. The theory does not address the issue of how crime can be prevented (Jeffery, 1990). Moreover, Akers’ work is that it ignores the role of opportunity in criminal behavior (Jeffery, 1990). The assumption that people who learn criminal behavior must have come into contact with such behavior is the base of the theory. However, the theory does not explain exactly how a person comes into contact with people exhibiting criminal behavior (Jeffery, 1990). Akers has provided counter arguments or explained why the criticisms are not valid. The criticism that social learning theory ignores social context was dealt with in the expansion of social learning theory to social context-social learning theory. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Low Self Control Theory and Aker’s Social Learning Theory are not likely to be integrated. Colvin’s Differential Coercion Theory combines elements from both theories (and others) and applies them in the context of his own. However, Aker’s heavily criticizes Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Low Self Control Theory and the key components that make up that theory. Therefore, I do not believe it is possible to integrate both theories while keeping the main concepts together. To conclude, Low Self Control Theory and Social Learning Theory both provide exceptional analysis of Colin’s scenario. By understanding the key concepts of the Low Self Control Theory and Social Learning Theory, the explanation of where and why crime occurs would give reassurance to individuals of Colin’s town. By comparing and contrasting these two theories, an individual can apply them to how growing up in a small town might affect them and potentially provide methods and opportunities to deflect crime. References Akers, Ronald L. (1998). Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press Akers, R. L., & Jensen, G. F. (2003). Social learning theory and the explanation of crime: a guide for the new century. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. Akers, Ronald L. (1991). Self-control as a general theory of crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 7(2), 201-211. Akers, R. L. (2009). Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. Clarke, Ronald V. (1995). Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention. Crime and Justice, Vol. 19, Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention (1995), pp. 91-150 Goode, E. (2008). Out of control: assessing the general theory of crime. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Social Sciences Grasmick, Harold G., Charles R. Tittle, Robert J. Bursik Jr, and Bruce J. Arneklev (1993)..Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30:5-29. Hirschi, Travis. (1995). The Family. In James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia (eds.). Crime. (pp.121-140). San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies. Jeffery, C. Ray. (1990). Criminology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Paternoster, R., Bachman, R. (2001). Explaining criminals and crime: essays in contemporary criminological theory. Los Angeles, Calif.: Roxbury Pub. Co. Wright, Richard.A (2000) Recent Changes in the Most-Cited Scholars in Criminology: A Comparison of Textbooks and Journals. Journal of Criminal Justice.

A good film just like a good book Essay

After I click the pause, the screen froze and there is a sentence remain on the screen, ‘Oh, this land was made for you and me. ‘ There is a feeling from my heart which I can not explain with words, this felling contains angry, disappointed, sadness, but the most is the powerlessness to face the reality of the food industry. This kind of feeling happens once before, after I watched ‘ The Cove’, feel anxious to do something and want to help, however, where to start and how? The first thought is to stop buying food from those company, thysoon, motannio, but what else can we buy, there are some, but not enough. But after a second thought, what will happen if we stop buying those food, the company will die together with millions of people will loose their job. But we know clearly that stop buying food from this kind of big and powerful company is impossible, there must be other way out. sometimes people are small, too weak to struggling for such a big problem, so the only way out is to rely on the organization which born for the people but people sometimes do not like and trust, the government. Organic food The film is just on of the most useful way to speak to the people and make them aware of the what actually our word is. But just like the film, we can not touch, smell and taste, only sound and scene may won’t leave the feeling too long. people who are actually doing something which like the mum in the film is because they are victims, people who are not doing things is because they have no chance to see the damage or in another way, they haven’t experience the nightmare. A good film just like a good book, they make people think and reflect their thoughts in the normal lives , it is successful even we just hesitate when we choose food in publix. People always think that they are small, however, water drops can wear away a sone, we can not just let the thought go over our head, we should catch it and pull it out, then actually do things which can really help, help ourself and also help others.

A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving Essay Example for Free

A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving Essay John Irving (6) , A Prayer for Owen Meany (4) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? A popular theme in literature concerns the concept of ‘growing up’, a painful process by which a character achieves maturity, self-knowledge and confidence. In the novel, A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving, the character of Owen Meany achieves this painful process. Owen Meany is introduced in the novel as a remarkable individual and throughout it can be observed how the brilliant child evolves into the memorable individual that he turns into. In the novel, A Prayer for Owen Meany, by John Irving, Owen Meany matures, gains self-knowledge and confidence to become the miracle that his character was. Owen Meany was obviously a brilliant child, but was still able to improve on his excellent character as he was growing. This can be seen through Owen’s maturity level. He was always remarkable advanced and mature for his age, but as he became older, he understood even more than before. His best friend was Johnny Wheelwright. In their friendship, Owen looked after Johnny. He gave him advice and even helped him out academically. When Johnny was bitter about his mother not revealing to him who his father was before she died, Owen came up with a mature response, â€Å"Of course, as Owen pointed out to me, I was only eleven when she died, and my mother was only thirty; she probably thought she had a lot of time left to tell me the story. She didn’t know she was going to die, as Owen Meany put it.† (Irving 10) In the face of irrationality, Owen found it easy to point out the logic. The easy way he comes up with intelligent responses to difficult questions are proof of this child’s brilliance. Later on his life, the reader sees that Owen has matured in regards to his perspective on Marilyn Monroe and John F. Kennedy. Kennedy had been somewhat of a hero in Owen’s mind and he had felt betrayed by him. He is able to later recover from this viewpoint and analyze the situation differently. She’s just like our whole country – not quite young anymore. But not old either; a little breathless, very beautiful, maybe a little stupid, maybe a lot more smarter than she seemed. And she was looking for something – I think she wanted to be good. Look at the men in her life – Joe DiMaggio, Arthur Miller, maybe the Kennedys. Look at how good they seem! Look at how desirable she was! †¦ She was never quite happy †¦ She was just like our whole country †¦ Those famous powerful men – did they really love her? Did they take care of her? If she was ever with the Kennedys, they couldn’t have loved her – they were just using her †¦. People will do and say anything just to get the power; then they’ll use the power just to get a thrill †¦. The country is a sucker for powerful men who look good, we think they’re moralists and then they just use us. That’s what’s going to happen to you and me †¦ we’re going to be used.† (Irving 431) Owen Meany is very good at analysis, and he uses these talents to make conclusions on many things. It is an excellent example of his maturity. When Owen first discovered that JFK might be having an affair with Marilyn Monroe, he was shocked. Now, he is able to rationalize it and see JFK in a different light. He is able to come up with educated ideas concerning JFK and Marilyn Monroe. His metaphor of Marilyn Monroe and the United States is an excellent one. Both Marilyn Monroe and America have a great deal in common because of their mutual exploitation by the rich and powerful. Owen Meany learns a great deal about himself through the course of his life. He is convinced that there are reasons for all things. One of his strongest conviction stems from what his parents told him about him being born in the same way as Jesus. Due to this, Owen feels very convinced and assured of himself. He is a highly intelligent child: I know three things. I know that my voice doesn’t change, and I know when I’m going to die. I wish I knew why my voice never changes, I wish I knew how I was going to die; But God has allowed me to know more than most people know – so I’m not complaining. The third thing I know is that I am God’s instrument; I have faith that God will let me know what I’m supposed to do, and when I’m supposed to do it.† (Irving 366) Owen has complete faith that there are reasons for his being the way he is. This is an example of Owen’s self-knowledge. He knew these things with a complete certainty and accepted them. Few people will have blind faith in something. Owen had questions, but he still put his faith in God, bowing to his superiority. He knows who he is. He understands his purpose. He is told by many that he is crazy and insane for thinking that there is a plan for why he has the voice he has. He is also told that he should run far away from what he thinks his destiny is, but Owen is not most people. He knows what his destiny is and runs towards it. Owen’s self-awareness and knowledge is what allows him to feel that he is headed towards the right path. In the end, Owen was right. He is able to save the Vietnamese children, â€Å"It was not only because he spoke their language; it was his voice that compelled the children to listen to him – it was a voice like their voices. That was why they trusted him, why they listened. ‘DOONG SA,’ he said, and they stopped crying.† (Irving 612) In the end, Owen is to be admired for his self-knowledge. Johnny would now be wrong in thinking Owen to be strange for thinking that his odd voice had a purpose. It did have a purpose. Owen’s voice helped him save the Vietnamese children. Owen Meany has a great deal of confidence in himself. If he sets his mind to do something, he can do anything. Owen Meany desperately wanted to join the army and be able to fight so that he could fulfill his purpose that he discovered in his dream. â€Å"If there’s a war and I’m in the army, I want to be in the war †¦ I don’t want to spend the war at a desk. Look at it this way: we agree that Harry Hoyt is an idiot. Who’s going to keep the Harry Hoyts from getting their heads blown off?† (Irving 462) The way that Owen ended the statement, almost makes him sound cocky. In a way, he is, but another term to describe it would be that Owen is confident. He places total trust in God that what will happen will happen. He is confident that he is going to die, fulfill his purpose in life and be a hero. It is uncanny how unshakable Owen’s faith is. Most people are unable to practice what they preach, and Owen does what he thinks is right. He does live by his rules. It is unbelievable that he is willing to throw away his life because of his faith in God. He does not even have any proof of assurance that God does exist, but in his mind he does not need any. When Owen would be practicing his basketball shot with Johnny and it would get dark, he would ask Johnny if he could still see a statue of Mary Magdalene after it became completely dark. He would ask Johnny how he could be certain that she was still there, if he could not see her, â€Å"You absolutely know she isn’t there – even though you can’t see her?’ †¦ Well, now you know how I feel about God †¦ I can’t see Him – but I absolutely know he is there!† (Irving 451) Owen explains to Johnny that he just knows in his gut and instinctively that God exists. In the same way that people can understand and accept that other things exist without physical proof, Owen is convinced of the existence of God. His confidence is daunting. It is unusual for a person to be so rationally convinced about theology and at the same time be willing to go to extremes in the name of God. When he was getting closer to the day of his death, he had doubts, â€Å"I don’t know why he’s here – I just know he has to be here! But I don’t even ‘know’ that – not anymore. It doesn’t make sense! Where is Vietnam – in all of this? Where are those poor children? Was it all just a terrible dream? Am I simply crazy? Is tomorrow just another day?† (Irving 604) Owen is growing up. He is scared and confused. He doesn’t know why Johnny has to be there for his dream to come true. He doesn’t know if anything is going to happen. His doubts are the most important step to his growing up. In the end, he was right all along. The character, Owen Meany, was a miraculous one, due to his maturity, self-knowledge and confidence, in the novel A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving. Owen was always mature for his age, but he was able to improve on it and make better judgements. He understood that although Kennedy was someone who had been a hero to him, that things are not always as you want them to be. He was able to open his mind to this, and eventually accept the possibility that Kennedy might have behaved inappropriately. Owen had an extreme amount of assurance in himself. He just knew some things and did not feel the need to question them too much. He knew that there was a reason for his voice and although, he wanted to know why, he did not feel daunted by this. He had faith in his ability to do things, even some that he did not manage to do, such as, going to war. Owen’s confidence is the last important point in his path to ‘growing up’. He had doubts and fear, but in the end his confidence in God and himself won out. Owen finally grew up, when he did what he was meant to do by God. A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving. (2017, Aug 22).

History of Nursing Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Nursing Higher Education - Essay Example Distance education has made it possible for those who wish to go into the nursing field to acquire their degrees-at least partially-and to attend classes in their field from home or from wherever there is an Internet connection. Nursing students do not need to live in the same area as the school in order to attend, which is definitely a huge change from traditional nursing education. The infusion of technology that has accompanied distance education has also brought other benefits to nursing education. Nursing students now have better equipment to practice on, such as more advanced patient simulators and patient care devices, and better resources from which to obtain knowledge, such as the Internet and vast online libraries. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2008, pg. 2), "Technological advances are increasing opportunities to improve dramatically the quality of and access to nursing education. Further, technology affords increased collaboration among nursing faculties in teaching, practice, and research. Careful use of technology in education may well enhance the profession's ability to educate nurses for practice, prepare future nurse educators, and advance nursing science in an era when the number of professional nurses, qualified nurse faculty and nurse researchers is well below national need. To take full advantage of technology in education, several factors need to be addressed by nursing and other leaders in education and health care institutions, as well as by external funders and policy makers." Distance education has also made it possible for people from all over the world to become nurses that might not have been able to otherwise. This means that it necessarily increases the multicultural aspects of the field. It opens the doors of opportunity into the field for those who want to become nurses, but may not have the time to study at a traditional institution. Many distance learners are working adults who are very concerned with aspects such as time management when it comes to advancing their careers (White, 2003). Nursing Shortage According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2008): The United States is in the midst of a nursing shortage that is expected to intensify as baby boomers age and the need for health care grows. Compounding the problem is the fact that nursing colleges and universities across the country are struggling to expand enrollment levels to meet the rising demand for nursing care. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) is concerned about the shortage of Registered Nurses (RNs) and is working with schools, policy makers, kindred organizations, and the media to bring attention to this health care crisis. AACN is working to enact legislation, identify strategies, and form collaborations to address the nursing shortage. A nursing shortage means that there is a serious need for recruitment into nursing schools. This can be challenging with biological scares such as MRSA, which will be discussed in the subsequent section of this assignment (Goold, 2006). MRSA According to Replidyne (2008, pg. 1), "Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a type of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to certain

Working conditions in the uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Working conditions in the uk - Essay Example However, to qualify an unemployed person one need to have the willingness and ability to work, officially designated to be in the category of ‘working age’, actively seeking a job. Unemployment for the youth is one of those contentious political issues which are also acting as a burden for the people leading their life through it. According to international Labour Organization, around 73 million young people are still unemployed which is having a significant impact on the global economy and is literally turning into a global concern (Martin, 2014). The graph above clearly shows that the level of youth unemployment is increasing at a steady pace. The reasons for the increasing unemployment rate vary across the national context. As a result of that it is difficult to track one single cause for which the rate of youth unemployment is continuously fluctuating. In this paper, the focus will be on the youth employment level of UK and the same will be analyzed from the point of view of the government and through moral frameworks. In UK, the age bracket for qualifying as an unemployed youth it is 18-25 years. The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) found that presently the total numbers of unemployed youth in UK is around 950,000 people and it accounts to almost 23% of the total qualified youth people (Mount, 2013). One of the biggest distressing facts is that the number is too high when compared with the other nations of European Union such as Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and Belgium. The high levels of youth unemployment in UK have led some of the media commentators and politicians to talk about â€Å"the lost generation† (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Work and Pensions Committee, 2012). Some of the key consequences of youth unemployment is it lowers the potential wages. Apart from that it also increases the probability of a worker experiencing unemployment during the adulthood period. Some of the industry

Air pollution come along with urban development Essay

Air pollution come along with urban development - Essay Example China, like Indonesia and MÃ ©xico, is an emerging economy where air pollution in large cities causes significant health problems and is part of the nation’s priorities. Tackling air pollution not only curbs the degradation of air quality, but also promotes economic growth through the reduction of extra operating costs in public, businesses, households, and industry sectors. However, urban center reshaping results in greater livability regardless of the city’s geographic location. The debate on urban air pollution is far from over with both sides, making all efforts to prove their point. As the debate on air pollution becomes heated, many are left asking: should we stop urban development to protect our atmosphere? Logan, a senior research scientist in the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, argues that the adoption of environmental regulation, economic reform, and energy policy controls air pollution even with urban development. Logan completed a study in which he showed that through dramatically reversing local and global air pollution in China, coal consumption lowered as the consumption of oil, natural gas and electricity rose. Consequently, there was a drastic decline in the consumption of air pollution emissions by about 20% and a corresponding decline in carbon dioxide emission by 15%. In his study, Logan (42) investigated the tradeoff between air pollution and economic growth to indicate how breaking away with the coal-based past through adoption of economic reforms, environmental policies and targeted energy reduced sulfur and other air pollutants. The study indicated a positive correlation between fiscal reforms and definite policies on environment and energy and reduced levels of carbon emissions, particulate, and sulfur. A different study conducted by in 2014 (Cunningham) confirmed that China being the world’s largest coal producer and consumer continually

500 to 700 words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

500 to 700 words - Essay Example The project being undertaken by BP Solar Australia is specifically focused on poverty reduction and improvement of the wellbeing of people through development of packaged solar systems in the communities which can be harnessed as the enabling technology that can be used to meet various needs of the local people. The project is mainly concerned with inculcating a sense of asset management as a way of promoting the sense of belonging which encourages development initiatives being undertaken in the local communities. The success of the project is mainly determined by the involvement of the members of the local communities. The main aim of the project is improvement the wellbeing of the local members of the Philippines communities that were underprivileged through provision of facilities that were lacking such as electricity. It is also aimed at developing and supporting a culture of asset management among the community members as a way of establishing a sense of belonging. This is an attempt to make them part of the ongoing project initiative. The scope of the analysis is to establish the assertion that project development in infrastructure in previously disadvantaged communities is one way of stimulating social and economic growth while at the same time alleviating poverty among the members of the affected areas. A stakeholder is an individual or group that is directly or indirectly affected by activities of a certain project or can be any entity with a conceivable interest or stake in a project. BP Solar Australia is the major stakeholder which coordinates the project. The Australian government is also a stakeholder as it is responsible for providing financial assistance through grants and loans. The Philippines government is a stakeholder responsible for authorising the project. The local community members are stakeholders who are both part of the project and are

Market Orientation in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Market Orientation in Business - Essay Example Considering any business term requires a clear understanding of what is meant by its name. Thus, it is necessary to give an explanation of the term ‘market orientation’ before going to its detailed analysis. According to a definition provided by the Business Dictionary, market orientation is ‘a business approach or philosophy that focuses on identifying and meeting the stated or hidden needs or wants of customers’. As stated in the Cambridge Dictionary, by the term ‘market orientation’ one should understand ‘management of a company, product, brand, etc. so that it satisfies the needs of customers’. In the book ‘Changing Market Relationships’ written by Jean-Jacques Lambin, market orientation is defined as ‘a set of capabilities, activities and behaviors needed to implement a strong marketing orientation’ (Lambin 2008).Despite the fact that all the definitions mentioned above reflect the main idea behind mar ket orientation quite clearly, the most comprehensive definition of the term is presented by Morgan and Strong in their work named ‘Market Orientation and dimensions of strategic orientation’. In this work, the two authors define perceive the concept of market orientation as a certain mode of corporate management that is founded on encouraging a permanent gathering and sharing of statistical information regarding customers, appreciation of customer needs as a fundamental aspect of the business.

Journal 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal 3 - Essay Example Instead of telling us what we needed in the bag, the teacher gave us suggestions about what we might need and invited us to come up with ideas for what we would like to pack. After we finished, we discussed why we chose the items we did. I selected this activity because it gives a good example of how my teacher performed more of a helper/ mentor role with us, rather than a strict lecturer role. Due to her encouraging way of doing the lesson , there were fewer arguments than there would have been if she had required all of the students to put a predetermined list of items into the suitcase. The teacher implemented Standard 1. Promoting Child Development and Learning. She also implemented Standard 5. Using Content Knowledge to Build Meaningful Curriculum. I learned that being a helper or a mentor to children can be a smoother and more effective way to assist in the learning process of children. If I were to do this activity with my children, I would discuss with them before we began about what they might place in their suitcases. I would still discuss why the children chose the items that they did at the end of the activity. That really promoted some deeper thinking from the students in my

Communication Styles Web Field Trip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication Styles Web Field Trip - Essay Example 2. Reviewing the questionnaire item by item, can you find aspects of communication in which you are either nonassertive or possibly too assertive? Do you think that your communication style can be improved by making adjustments within these areas of communication? From the questionnaire, I find that I am non-assertive in situations where I am confronted with difficult situations because I do not want to deal with confrontations. Another area where I found out that I am not very assertive is when I am unable to express my anger and frustration with a friend even if it is justified. The reason for this is because I do not want to offend him or hurt his feelings. I also realized that I am assertive in instances where I have to make a phone call to institutions. I think that my communication style can be improved especially in situations where I am non-assertive. In dealing with my anger towards a friend, maybe I should try to control my emotions and be more level-headed at dealing with my friend. I should also try to choose my words carefully so as not to hurt his feelings.

Virtual Private Network Essay Example for Free

Virtual Private Network Essay VPN Defined: So what is a good definition of Virtual Private Networking? Simply defined, a VPN is a â€Å"virtual† network that is kept private by â€Å"tunneling† private data through the underlying infrastructure of a public Internet. VPN technology provides a way of using public network infrastructures, such as the Internet, to provide private, secure access to applications and company resources to employees in remote or home offices, to business partners, and even to customers. A VPN is one or more WAN links over a shared public network, typically over the Internet or an IP backbone from a Network Service Provider (NSP) that simulates the behavior of dedicated WAN links over leased lines. VPN technology uses a combination of tunneling, encryption, authentication, and access control mechanisms and services used to carry traffic over the Internet, a managed IP network or a service providers backbone. VPN allows the data to be shared between the client and a server, between two servers, or between networks or routers via a public network but it works just like a point-to-point private line. VPN network architecture uses the remote PC (installed with a client software) that makes use of the present telecommunication infrastructure technology like for example phone lines, broadband services, dedicated internet link etc. and a tunneling protocol (incorporated with other authenticated and encrypted protocols) to access the corporate resources like files, emails etc through a VPN server which sits at the perimeter of the corporate network. The diagram that is seen below shows the simple VPN structure between a client and a server: VPN is a private network that is layered over the public networks for example Internet to connect to the remote sites and remote users with the privacy, security, quality of services with always on connectivity with well manageability features like the leased networks have. A typical VPN structure with remote offices business partner’s mobile users of the organization connected to the main office through the network services providers point of presence (Pops), looks like the one below shown in the diagram:

Dr Jekylls experiments concerning Mr Hyde Essay Example for Free

Dr Jekylls experiments concerning Mr Hyde Essay How do you think that Stevenson wishes us to judge Dr Jekylls experiments concerning Mr Hyde? I think that Stevenson wants the reader to feel that Jekyll gets what he deserves for releasing Hyde. Although I think that this is his overall intention, he gives Jekylls own justification for it, which dampens the blame from him slightly. However, the justification, when looked at more deeply, conveys another message from Stevenson, that Jekyll knows what he is doing and therefore commits a crime in releasing Hyde. Stevenson shows his feelings about Hyde and about Jekylls guilt by lavishing Hyde with horrible descriptions. These fall into four main categories, the darkness, the evil, the animal, and peoples reaction to Hyde. Firstly, whenever Hyde appears, it is always night or twilight showing that there is something dark and mysterious about him. Hydes eyes have a blackness in them which terrifies people. There are several references to fire and hell, suggesting that Hyde is a daemon, that has been released from hell. He is actually called, the child of hell meaning he is pure evil. Also, the fires can be interpreted as trying to ward off evil spirits, such as Hyde. Hydes soul is described as foul, and his character callous and violent. He is described as having Satans signature upon him, as if he has been made by the devil and sent up from hell. Hyde is also frequently compared to an animal. When people talk to Hyde he is savage like a wild animal and has a habit of hissing like a serpent. He is often replaced with it, suggesting that Hyde is an animal. Several times Hyde is actually referred to as the creature and his fury being ape-like. There is something primitive about him, something troglodytic. In even greater amounts, perhaps, are the reactions that people have when they come face to face with Hyde, and even from a distance. Every single person that has met him feels loathing and fear, and in some cases, a desire to kill, most people feel a simple hatred of him, yet none of them know why. The extent of this feeling is described as hitherto unknown disgust- absolutely appalling revulsion to him. There is something about Hyde that is not visible, that makes people react like this, described as the radiance of a foul soul. Many people search for a deformity in Hyde that is making them feel this way but fail to find it. Hyde has this aura of repulsion around him that makes any decent person draw back from him. When he touches Lanyons arm. Lanyon feels an icy pang that goes up his spine. Obviously, this is the height of Hydes effect, that when you touch him you shiver with discomfort. Perhaps the most startling aspect of Hyde is that when Jekyll showed Lanyon that he is, in fact, Hyde, Lanyon is so sickened by the thought of it that he becomes ill and dies in a few weeks. This shows absolutely that Jekyll does a terrible thing in unleashing Hyde, and actually telling somebody caused them to die, and Lanyon is one of Jekylls closest friends. These images are put into the story frequently, and the effect of this is to make the reader feel that Jekyll has released a being so foul that he deserves whatever punishment he got. And still Stevenson piles it on. He goes into horrific detail about Hyde brutally murdering Sir Danvers Carew, this is clear evidence that he wishes us to feel that Jekyll is to blame for his own experiments. Stevensons description of the murder is really over the top, it starts off with Hyde having an ill-contained impatience. Sir Danvers Carew is merely inquiring his way to Hyde when he broke out with a great flame of anger. Sir Danvers Carew is surprised by Hydes reaction and took a step back. At that moment though, Hyde snapped, he broke all bounds and starts trampling on him. With his stick he is hailing down a storm of blows, and Sir Danvers Carews bones are audibly shattered. Hyde then runs away, leaving the body incredibly mangled in the middle of the road. Hyde makes no attempt to conceal it, and the horrific details of the murder can only mean the Stevenson wishes us to judge Jekyll as responsible for such a crime. Even there Stevenson does not stop putting on more and more emphasis on the utterly diabolical nature of Hyde. In Dr Jekylls full statement of the case, he states that Hyde gets delight from every blow and runs away, gloating over his crime. Jekyll uses the word I, which is another of Stevensons ways of showing that he wishes us to think that Jekyll is directly responsible. In Jekylls justification of his actions, he mentions that he enjoyed the freedom that Hyde gave him. He fulfilled his pleasures (which are unspecified), and soon the pleasures turned from undignified to monstrous. When Jekyll remembered what he had done whilst in Hydes body he is aghast at himself. He refers to Hyde as me therefore showing that he is responsible because he did it. Jekyll became careless, and thought that nobody would trace him under his impenetrable mantle. Jekyll also tries to cover up Hydes activities by giving to charities and balancing it out. These two statements suggest that Jekyll knew that he is responsible because he is thinking about the possibility of him being caught. Jekyll also felt pity for Hyde, suggesting that he is not at all innocent. Jekyll pays for his crimes heavily though, and this is one of the very few times in the story when Stevenson releases Jekyll from the blame. Jekyll is put to considerable expense to pay for Hydes actions. When he tramples over the girl, he is forced to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 to her parents. Not to mention the fact that he loses one of his closest friends by telling him and ends up committing suicide to pay for it. But I think that Stevenson wishes us to view even these with severity; firstly, Jekyll taunts Lanyon by bribing him with, power and knowledge, in such a way that Lanyon cannot have refused to know what Hydes secret is. On telling Lanyon, Lanyon dies. Jekyll wants to tell him about his experiments, he wanted to show off, and he insults Lanyon by referring to himself as his superior. Jekyll obviously enjoys being Hyde, because he suffers a horrible pain when he transforms into him, and would not bother to do it if he wanted to. Sometimes, Jekyll has to triple the dosage in order to transform, something that he wouldnt do unless he is willing to risk his life to transform. In conclusion, I think that judging from the amount of description that has been put into the Hyde, and the number of references to his joy at being evil, that it is fair to say that Stevenson wishes us to feel that Jekyll is to blame for his experiments and that he pays the price for it with his death.

Globalization And Global Governance

Globalization And Global Governance Over the past years, global governance and globalization and the relation between the two, has become a much discussed subject. There are various definition of global governance; its role, its nature. Likewise, there are even more definitions regarding globalization. There are several strands of expert which disagree on when the origins are traceable, ranging even thousands of years and, moreover, some differentiate a range of separate fields to identify specifically the nature of globalization during time. Research has brought up various issues in the relation between global governance and globalization and whether or not this relation has been always even. The main question; has globalization rendered global governance ever more essential than in the past, is based on the metamorphosis of the state during the past decades, the economic crash and the massive progress in transport and communication. The aim of this essay is to understand how global governance has changed and how it imposed itself differently compared to the past decades and centuries. In order to answer this query about todays different influence of global governance over globalization, this essay will examine various theories and definition regarding globalization and global governance. As a result, the role of the state, the different kinds of globalization and governance will be examined. II: Globalization Global Governance Theory of Globalization Globalization is a very complicated matter: nobody seems to be in charge, yet it is progressing as we research it. What is behind the idea of Globalization? What do we mean when we talk about it? The term itself was introduced just recently. Globalization lacks in fact a main definition still today. McCrews shortest definition given is: Globalization can be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa (A.McCrew, pp.60) The term Globalization as a matter of fact, includes a wide variety of theories and view of what is essentially reality; another definition could also be Globalization is a global movement which aim is integration, whether economic or financial or in communication. Another broad definition could be Dirk Messner view over globalization: Globalization denotes a process in the course of which the volume and intensity of transboundry transportation, communication, and trade relations are rapidly increasing (Dirk Messner, pp.29) However it has been agreed that Globalization has, is and will, without doubt, massively increase speed of global interconnections in most aspect of life. This includes culture, which spreads from a country to another throughout television and internet; or finance, which throughout a wider connection over the world, finds different markets. Technological progress rushed globalization in a world that from day to night has given new perspective to virtually anything. Even though Globalization might be a recent topic, its nature is traceable to pre-modern history. Clearly traveling very short distance, by settling in other areas, people would bring along their culture and traditions as well as their products and technologies. Globalization starts as a mixing and adaptation of culture, knowledge and also languages of outside influences which interconnect with local population. A.McCrew, in fact, redefines his previous definition by saying that: Globalization can usefully be conceived as a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions, generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power. (Mc Crew, pp.43) However, as McCrew realizes later: Globalization today is different from the globalization of the 19th century, when European imperialism provided much of its political structure and higher transport and communication. Cost meant fewer people were directly involved. (A.McCrew, pp.77) In fact, globalization today, yet again according to Mc Crew, must reflect four general characteristics: it must involve social, political and economic activities across political boundaries, regions and continents; a strong intensification of interconnectedness and flows of trade, investment, finance, migration, culture etc.; these connections are related to a speeding up of communication and transport which carries ideas, people and goods; the interconnection and interaction globally are so intense that the effects of a distant event can be highly significant elsewhere and even the most local development may come to have enormous global consequences. However, Joseph Stiglitz describes globalization differently, as an: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] international flow of ideas and knowledge, the sharing of cultures, global civil society and the global environmental movement.(J.Stiglitz, pp.4) Therefore from Stiglitz point of view, Globalization can be divided in to various branches: Economic Globalization, so covering international flow, trade, foreign assistance; Social Globalization, caused by the interconnection of more societies and cultures; and Environmental Globalization, where the challenge is global warming. This differentiation turns out to be very useful to understand how globalization affect or is affected by global governance, specifically from an economic point of view The Three visions of Globalization There are three different points of view regarding the contemporary nature and meaning of globalization: the Hyper globalist, the Skeptical and the Transformationalist. The first stand for a world which is increasingly global, and where political and economic processes and pressure have changed the state. To them the nation-state is deteriorating shown by the fact that the state decision making has vanished and national representatives powers are weaker. The second, skeptical, have a total opposite view to the Hyper globalist; they claim in recent times the states have actually acquire even more power even though there has been some major swift in the international scene. The third, the Transformationalist accept globalization as an actor which has indirectly created new economic and political scenario but that even so, this scenario has actually come in handy to states range of powers. Moreover, Transformationalist, despite arguing a major predominance of the state, declares that politics must overlap the nation-state concept. All of these contemporary points of view can be considered to some extent confused: the hyperglobalist do not realized the new position the states are assuming in global governance, skeptical possibly still live in the Cold War and declare globalization a new form of imperialism, and finally Transformationalist, who totally forget about the traditional force. These are some of the critics put in place by the Constitutive, a fourth point of view: Constitutive consider globalization as product of millions of factors and therefore couldnt emerge by applying one of the three traditional aspects. Possibly one of reason between many, above all, is the fall of USSR and the US reorganization of the global architecture. Theory of Global Governance Before explaining Global Governance, it is fair to split Global from Governance. Therefore, what is Governance? According to Vayrynen, Governance is: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] is the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. (Vayrynen, P.25) Governance, as the word itself suggest, is the act itself of governing, the process or power of governing. These processes are normally exercised by a government. Essentially, Governance is the result of the government. However, governance is different to politics, which is the process in which different group of people with different opinion, meet to reach a compromise. The process of Governance normally doesnt spark from a group with different opinions but still uses the same means. Accordingly, Global Governance refers to the: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] collective actions to establish international institutions and norms to cope with the causes and consequences of adverse supranational, transnational of national problems. (Vayrynen, p.25) Global Governances collective decisions are aimed to shape and define a goal or goals at the global level. Global Governance forms a series of rules which purpose is to work globally no matter what the national laws are. This global level characteristic is the reason why it is frequently associated to Globalization, as the two influences one another as much as they are associated. However where and when did really Global Governance started to matter it is not certain. Possibly at the beginning of the 19th century. What is certain is that after the belle à ©poque, the world started to crash. A new era of highly interrelated global interdependence had begun and the worlds answer had been international institutions. The first and most important post World War I institutions was the League of Nations, which was supposed to maintain peace but miserably failed giving us World War II. The second attempt shows much more success with the United Nations. Between WWI and WWII, we have the first modern economic crash and the Great Depression. On the same wave of new international institutions, IMF and WB are born for a higher economic protection. However, this time round, the economic institutions have failed: nations which have followed IMF had economic crisis, the WB is mainly divulgating American economics and yet today, developing countries (which in some cases thank s to the combination of over speeded up globalization and bad governance) have even worsen their situation and still have little representation. Finally, the Cold war. According to the commission on Global Governance, after the Cold war, global governance was the new beginning of a new era, supposedly of peace and international political progress: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] international developments had created a unique opportunity for strengthening global co-operation to meet the challenge of securing peace, achieving sustainable development, and universalizing democracy (Commission on Global Governance, 1995) The Nation-State The peace of Westphalia is the origin of the a system of nation-states. These then evolved in the 19th century as the main actor of territorial policies and subsequently passed to the welfare state. Before the massive expansion of political, economical and social benefits and issues around the world had started due to globalization, and before the progress in transport and communication had opened markets to the world, the Nation-State was the center of everything. Certainly, because of globalization, States have been weakened due to the fact that some of their actions have either been diverged to international institution or have become of international interest. While the State would act in favor and interest of the Nation, now a more collective action is requested and national issues are shared between numerous populations, converting therefore to a global level. As a result, on one hand, Nation-States today comprehend how their actions may concern numerous other nations and population, in fact: state will come to function less as all-purpose providers of governance and more as the authors and legitimators of an international quasi polity; the central functions of the nation state will become those of providing legitimacy for an ensuring the accountability of supranational and subnational governance mechanism which exercise various forms of private authority (P.Hirst, p219-220) However, on the other hand, there is yet no real international actor, no global level democratic institution, which is supposed to take care of the national and international issues, spread and caused by globalization. In effect, quoting yet again Hirst: while the capacities of the states for governance have changed in some respects, and many states have lost the ability to act independently, they remain pivotal institutions, especially in terms of creating the conditions for effective international governance (P.Hirst, p219) Under a more national point of view, the States still today have full authority over its own territory, an viceversa: Globalization is deterriorialization. (Mc Crew, p86) Therefore, the state is somehow going back to the middle ages, searching for a monopoly of power over people living on the national territory. People are in fact less mobile than money, goods and ideas, which thanks to globalization are easily transportable and therefore they remain nationalized. Yet today they are dependent on visa and passport: This role gives the nation the exclusive legitimacy of regulating its territory and the population which lives within it and internationally. (P.Hirst, p221) In any case, the Nation-State still exercise its power over military power. Many have argued how from the 15th century to today, the main power defining a state, was the capacity of declaring war. The last glimmer of this capacity had been kept alive by the Cold War, even though, because of massive progress in military technologies, it wasnt really the power of declaring a war but rather the power to threaten one and the capacity and possibility of destroying a nation, if not the globe. Therefore military power and the capacity to declare war of the modern states, has become so destructive that it is almost impossible to really exercise it. Anyways: Armed forces will not cease to exist but they no longer decide matters between advanced states. (P.Hirst, p227) Furthermore, the state exercises and important role over economy, even though globalization has massively enlarged the markets. Still today, markets and companies possibly cant exist without a state or public power protecting them. The States guarantee for most of the national credit. The government still regulates banking over the national territory. The effects of Global Governance over Globalization. First of all we can say that the processes of globalization are conceived as only capable of being worldwide and therefore in relation to Globalization, Global Governance must do the same. Second, it is recognized that globalization is likely to be the bases around which the course of events are organized and therefore it is virtually a relentless process and must be taken care of by Global Governance as if there was no other choice. Third, globalization is now out of control and the only tool which can regulate it is governance. Global governance and globalization are in fact clearly highly related between each other. It is easy to think global governance is another way of saying global government, but in fact it couldnt be further from the truth. Global governance is not a global government and does not even consider a world government or even some sort of dominant power or authority, meant to regulate issues to a global level. There is no global government which promotes international standards to all nations. In fact, global governance acts by itself. But then who is holding the reins of governance? Power today is in economy: Globalization of the international financial market, which started after the fall of Bretton Woods, has significantly speeded up the formation of a global economy, which likely to the European Union, has become a point of reference of the worlds economy search for development. The liberalization of worldwide trade is a main element of globalization or at least of economic globalization and it is mainly regulated by global governance. International trade has created a major period of growth but its liberalization has had some issue over the global level. The intensification of world trade has required a new institution, the WTO, which clearly, by regulating trade, plays a major role in global governance. Actually, WTO is the only institution regulating worldwide trade which in fact promotes worldwide trading system helping to raise economic efficiency and decrease costs by major principles established by the themselves: non-discrimination, transparency, increased certainty in trade, reduction of corruption and of poor governance. The WTO could be an example of good governance which perfectly relates to a globalizing world. However, because there is no central global power, talks like the Doha round are failing. Also liberalization of capital flow has had major issues due to massive speculation and volatility in currency and financial markets. The IMF, a major actor of global economic governance, managed to liberalize capital by simply removing restrictions on transactions while the liberalization of world trade was more of a consequence of globalization. This shows how Globalization and governance can work together, but also completely separately, not considering the effects on one another. In fact, globalization transforms economy from national to global and therefore any national economy is at least affecting global economy if not directly part of it. Therefore, national economies act as actors of global governance, indirectly by relating themselves to dynamics of globalization and consequently affecting directly global governance. States are no longer seen as actors of a system of states, as nation-states, but more as a system of markets. From this perspective, transnational companies become the States entities. As said in I4, globalization has weakened the state; in economic globalization, the States economic policies and the weight of them over national and international level, has been also weakened. The mobility of capitals and international trade has changed the national market. States have in fact realized they singularly could achieve much less than by unifying in international financial systems in order to renew their power over economy. However, according to Dirk Messner: Economic globalization is strengthening decentralization processes in nation-states and regional cooperation in the world regions: In the context of world economy central governments are coming under pressure from their regions, which are keen to promote their profiles in global competition. (Dirk Messner, pp39) In fact, globalization has actually created a strong current of localization, even though it is a mutual reinforcement. In a world of world markets, local or location specific advantage gain value, while in the meantime seeking transboundary partnership there for entering economy to a global level. Transnational economic spaces and communities have clearly increased due to the globalized markets. Concordantly, under a more political point of view, cooperation between globalization and governance must be very intense in order to achieve a global goal. According to P.Hirst: Governing powers cannot simply proliferate and compete. The different levels and functions of governance need to be tied together in a division of control that sustains the division of labor. [..] The governing powers need to be sutured together into a relatively integrated system. If this is not the case then gaps will lead to the corrosion of the governance at every level (P.Hirst, p 234) Global governance has also recently shown, under a political point of view and in a globalization context, a trend towards unilateralism. Clearly this model strongly weakens multilateralism necessary to make globalization work. However, even though nation-states tend to have a trend towards monopoly of power and unilateralism (which is typical in western countries) they are still very necessary since they are the only connection between national and supranational level and are of course the main actors of global governance architecture. This last role, in a direct point of view, has however changed because of the increasing discard of nation-states as direct problem solvers. Today Nation-states act indirectly via institutions and agencies, thus keeping their interest a priority. However, no singular nation-state could be considered to give a response to globalization because this egoistic trend used by most western states is virtually doomed. The national translates to international , due to a significant global impact that, associated with the openness of todays markets, are creating and affecting the future of globalization. Global politics is possibly failing because of the stubborn, but motivated decision of giving the least possible weight to developing countries, either because there is a massive fear of a power turnover from the South or to pursue the agreed combined western national interest in developing countries. Therefore, effectively, globalization has some effect on global governance but the opposite is more likely. Global governance has a wider effect on globalization even thought at the same time the processes and dynamics of globalization are controllable only to some extent , yet the different speed of propagation is the real challenge An answer to the challenge Ultra globalists have proposed to unify globalization and global governance by creating a massive central government, a global government. Obviously this is absolutely impossible or desirable; it is enough to imagine how a global election and president could be strongly interested in everything but global issues. As said, globalization has encouraged regional organization and localization: these could easily function as organizations aimed on national awareness and protection while acting globally. In finding new solution to a new problem such as globalization and global governance it is important to realize the greatness of the project: cooperation and collective decision making thanks to international organizations via States is surely complicated at the least. What has changed today, that open a new door to a future solution, is the different level of cooperation between governmental and non-governmental organizations and therefore between public and private, necessary in a rapidly globalizing world. In fact, yesterdays nation-states have stopped doing what they simply wanted; today, even though their authoritative power are still strong, they are at least taking decision on global scale as a global actor and are influenced by social groups which have some success in changing national policies that eventually may have global effects. However, is global governance really keeping up with globalization? Today, one countrys domestic policy is permanently constrained by external situations. National government can no longer ignore the international impact; international coordination is needed to solve these issues. It is true, sometimes national government enter international coordination just for profit or solving domestic policies because, with no doubt, the interdependence between states is now mandatory due to globalization which has increased this trend to a world wide scale. Therefore, even though global governance massively effects globalization, the second is faster than the first. Globalization is a huge new challenge to deal with; it has surely brought massive growth but has also exposed the poorer countries which were already unable of meeting western standards and that today, because of globalization, have further increased their gap between rich and poor. There are in fact today countries which used to be very poor and have enormously improved their market and may be considered rich, but are however populated by poor. Globalization has opened the world to new markets, markets such as poor countries which were maybe not even reachable or in war and are now used to produce at a very low cost. They are surely progressing economically but at what cost? At the moment there is no answer to this challenge but just a series of future solution, one of which is reorganizing the world economy, which how we have seen in recent crisis, keeps on making basic world economy errors on how to coordinate domestic economy without causing massive ruptures on a global scale. Conclusion Has globalization rendered global governance ever more essential than in the past? The short answer is yes, absolutely. Globalization is heavily influenced by global governance and is still a work in progress, however it is possible to see how global governance is molding and creating a future architecture that will surely change the world of politics, international organizations and the role of the nation-state. Compared to the past, there is a clear gap between the weight of economic governance and political governance. States have lost most of their political power outside their boundaries while still exercising national interest and more and more frequently yield some of their authorities to non-state actors in exchange for control of the economy by direct influence. There is in fact a predominance to economic power since the 1990s. Moreover, unfortunately globalization has created winner and losers. Since the 1980s most of the world countries have integrated themselves in the new world economy, but some have done so maybe too early and thanks to the thrust of globalization, have caused major disparities between rich (exploiter of the new economic context) and poor (exploited by the system). Multinational firms have seen a new way of producing goods at very low cost in countries which had been specifically configured to be exploited, realizing the upcoming benefits of globalization. Here the major blame is to be given to global governance, which is today a more responsible process but only due to pressures. To conclude, the answer to the question posed in this essay will always be affirmative. Furthermore, future globalization will be in the rise of developing countries but only if western countries will cede ground in the big arena of global governance. Realistically this will happen only if forced by the situation, but once developing countries will sort out their political and social issues, they will eventually have all their papers in order to enter the decision making arena inevitably dominated by western countries.

Effects of Internet Pornography Essay -- Internet Essays Media

Effects of Internet Pornography It used to be almost impossible for children to get pornography. Comer stores would place adult magazines such as playboy on the top rack behind all the other magazines so that only the title was visible and it was out of reach of children. Movie stores would have separate rooms at the front of the store for their porn videos; this way they could monitor who went into the room. In today's technologically advanced society, pornographic magazines and videos are becoming extinct. Computer users can easily search for sex sites, with millions and millions or results. All it talks is the click of the mouse and children can visit any site they want. There is know way for Internet sites to monitor who is on there site, if you click the button that says your over 18 they let you in, so a 15 year old can easily get on to the site. Pornographic websites also place other moral and social problems not just on underage teenagers but on adults as well. One of the most obvious effects of pornography on the Internet is the easy access that juveniles have to it. All it takes is the click of a mouse and there they are, thousands of nude photos, of women and men doing all sorts sexually explicit of things. Many teens first come across these sorts of thing accidentally. But is it really accidental if advertisement, spams, and e-mail advertising free porn sites pop up every five minutes? How can teens stay away from these kinds of things if they're right there in font of them? "In a 2001 poll by the Kaiser Family Foundation, 70 of 15-to 17-year-olds said they had accidentally come across pornography online." [1] This leads us to wonder does someone actually want teens to view these sites. If porn is meant to... ...ters. Addiction to Internet pornography is also a major problem presented in society. Addicts can spend hours viewing different web sites. Pornography on the Internet creates many unwanted vices in today's society. Internet pornography should have stricter laws and regulations or even better, pornography should be banned from the Internet. Works Cited "Breaking Pornography Addiction." 2004. MacKean, Liz -Fears paedophiles will revel in cyberspace." Auaralian Broadcasting Association 13 January 2004. http://www.abc.net au/7.30/content/2004/sl024959.htm. Paul, Pamela "The Porn Factor† Time Magazine 19 January 2004. http://www.time.com/time/2004/sex/article/the_porn_factor_in_the_01a.html. "Pornography Statistics 2004†. Net Safety Center Statistics 2004. .

Assertive Behavior: Your Perfect Right, a critical evaluation. :: English Literature

Assertive Behavior: Your Perfect Right, a critical evaluation. The name of this book is â€Å"Your Perfect Right† and it was written by Robert E. Albertini and Micheal L. Emmons both with Ph.D. from the Califronia Polytechnia State University in San Luis Obispo, CA. Both authors seem to be working in this book for several time because they have published several editions and had several printings of the book. Also, Robert E. Albertini and Micheal L. Emmons were Counseling Psychologist and Professors according to this third edition; in fact, in cooperation with other doctors from other universities such as New York University, University of North California, and University of Missouri they got pretty good contributions in the creation of this excellent book. The authors thanked to John Vasconcellos, who was memeber of the California State Legislature, for placing their work in the context of his educational and humanistics concerns and for his thoughtful foreword. The authors describe the reason why this book was written arguing the next point: We must begin to value and reward the assertions of each individual, acknowledging the right of self expression without fear or guilt, valuing the right to and opinion, and recognizing the unique contribution of each person. The preparation and knowledge of both authors are demostrated in the well developtment of the subjects and how they attempt to explain you what an assertive behavior is. The main propouse of this book is to instruct to the readers to develop a more choose appropriate and self-fulfilling responses in a variety of situations. As they defined in the book assertive behavior enables a person to act in his or her own best interest, to stand up for herself or himself without undue anxiety, to express honest feelings comfortably, or to exercise personal rigths without denying the right of others; for instance, this book is written for those who wish to develop a more enhancing personal existence on their own, and for those who will be instrumental in faciliting the personal growth of others. The book shows that research has shown that learning to make assertive responses will inhibit or weaken the anxiety previously expriences in specific interpersonal relationships; also, the fact to stand up for yourself and do things on your own initiative, can reduce appreciably anxiety or tenseness in key situations, and increase your sense of worth as a person. The book is divided in two parts: the first one explains you the differences between non-assertive, agressive and assertive behavior and gives you examples; also, they show you step by step how to adquire and assertive behavior in life. In the second part is designed to fill the need for a

Crime and Punishment Quotes :: essays research papers

1. â€Å"†¦all is in a man's hands and he lets it all slip from cowardice, that's an axiom. It would be interesting to know what it is men are most afraid of.† –Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By saying this Raskolnikov suggests that men are capable of doing whatever they wish, and the only thing that holds them back are their fears. Because of this Raskolnikov wonders what man’s greatest fear is, and with that comes the one thing that no man is capable of doing. 2. â€Å"†¦for though Pyotr Petrovitch has been so kind as to undertake part of the expenses of the journey, that is to say, he has taken upon himself the conveyance of our bags and big trunks.† -Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a passage from the letter that Rodion’s mother sent to him, his mother is telling him that Dounia’s fiancà © has taken care of the traveling expenses for Dounia and her mother to St. Petersburg. 3. â€Å"I see that I want nothing. Do you hear? Nothing at all . . . no one's services . . . no one's sympathy. I am by myself . . . alone. Come, that's enough. Leave me alone.† - Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After burying the goods he stole from the pawn broker, Raskolnikov is walking around and decides to visit his friend Razumihin. At first it is almost as if Raskolnikov planned on asking his friend for advice about what he should do about the murders he committed. However, he becomes very nervous and leaves his friend’s home as quickly as possible. 4. â€Å"Life is real! haven't I lived just now? My life has not yet died with that old woman! The Kingdom of Heaven to her--and now enough, madam, leave me in peace! Now for the reign of reason and light . . . and of will, and of strength!† –Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through speaking with Marmeladov’s daughter, Polenka, Raskolnikov realizes that life is worth living, and that it can still hold an important meaning. This sheds light on the fact that Raskolnikov realizes that even if a person is not capable of doing good, their life should not be ended. 5. â€Å"Ordinary men have to live in submission, have no right to transgress the law, because, don't you see, they are ordinary. But extraordinary men have a right to commit any crime and to transgress the law in any way, just because they are extraordinary.

Understanding Employment Responsibilities and Rights in Health Social Care

Understanding Employment Responsibilities and Rights in Health Social Care or Children's and Young People's Settings1. Know the statutory responsibilities and rights of employees and employers within own area of work1.1 List the aspects of employment covered by law. Almost every aspect of employment is covered by one or more laws, including: the handling and storage of information, equal opportunities, grievance procedures, health and safety, holiday entitlements, maternity/paternity pay, minimum wage, sickness absence and pay, working time limits, redundancy and retirement.1. 2 List the main features of current employment legislation. Employment rights, Equality and discrimination, Health and Safety, Data Protection.1. 3 Outline why legislation relating to employment exists. Legislation in relation to employment was created in order to prevent employers from abusing or taking advantage of workers, and provide minimum requirements in areas such as : minimum wage, safety standards, ho liday entitlement, maternity leave, redundancy payments, discrimination and equality, working hours, age requirement.1.4 Identify sources and types of information and advice available in relation to employment responsibilities and rights. Sources and types of information and advice available in relation to employment responsibilities and right are: ACAS, CAB, unions and representative bodies, work contract, policies and procedures, terms and conditions, and job descriptions.2. Understand agreed ways of working that protect own relationship with employer2. 1 Describe the terms and conditions of own contract of employment (see attached Offer of Employment).The terms and conditions which are covered in my contract are: my job title, hours of work, holiday entitlement, absence, sick pay, notice of termination, grievance procedure, and the disciplinary procedure.2. 2 Describe the information shown on own pay statement (see attached) My payslip contains the following information: my name and home address, tax code (Basic Rate), National Insurance Number, deductions (including tax and national insurance), year to date, the total that I have been paid so far this financial year, and net pay.2. 3 Describe the procedures to follow in event of a grievance. In the event of a grievance the very first step is talking to the manager. If the outcome is not satisfactory then you can make a formal grievance complaint. The procedure should include the following steps: writing a letter to your employer setting out the details of your grievance, next a meeting with your employer to discuss the issue, and finally if the employer’s decision is still not satisfactory then an appeal from the employer’s decision can be made.Your employer should arrange a further meeting to discuss your appeal, and you have a right to ask either a colleague from work or a trade union representative to accompany you to the meeting.2. 4 Identify the personal information that must be kept up to date with own employer The personal information that I must be kept up to date with my own employer are my mobile number, address, bank details, and new health information which could affect my job.2. 5 Explain agreed ways of working with employer The agreed ways of working with my own employer are within my job description.I am also expected to arrive at work on time, be polite and professional, to follow policies and procedures correctly to be respectful of other peoples’ background and personal choices. My own employer must provide me the correct tools I need to do my job in the best condition possible, as said in The Health and Safety Act, 1974 law (eg gloves and uniform). 3. Understand how own role fits within the wider context of the sector3. 1 Explain how own role fits within the delivery of the service provided.The service undertakes to provide everyone with a safe service which promotes clients’ independence, dignity, and choice, while ensuring their home i s a safe place to live; to promote clients’ control over their lives, maintaining skills and independence and ensure that all needs are met on an individual basis, encouraging the clients to make own, informed decision about how their needs are met. Similarly, my role is to provide care to a standard and in a way that is accepted and promoted by my company.3.2 Explain the effect of own role on service provision. By providing the clients with adequate care and following good practice I help to fulfil the company’s goals as well as meet the individuals’ needs. By supporting the clients in their physical care needs as well as social, intellectual and emotional needs, and liaising with other agencies, I promote the clients’ health and well-being.3.3 Describe how own role links to the wider sector. My role involves making sure that our clients are provided with adequate care and support.It is important to understand the limits of the role and seek assistance t o deal with issues which are beyond the scope of social care, and liaise with other agencies to provide seamless care such as arranging and attending appointments, carrying out treatment, and therapy regimes.3.4 Describe the main roles and responsibilities of representative bodies that influence the wider sector. The main bodies that influence the Health and Social Care sector are government departments, professional bodies, trade unions, various skills councils and regulatory bodies.The main roles and responsibilities of the government departments are a duty to promote the economic, social and environmental wellbeing of their communities. The professional bodies have a number of functions. They may set and assess professional examinations, provide support for Continuing Professional Development through learning opportunities and tools for recording and planning, publish professional journals or magazines, provide networks for professionals to meet and discuss their field of experti se, issue a Code of Conduct to guide professional behaviour, deal with complaints against professionals and implement disciplinary procedures.The representative bodies such as trade unions play an important role and are helpful in effective communication between the workers and the management. They provide the advice and support to ensure that the differences of opinion do not turn into major conflicts. The central function of a trade union is to represent people at work. But they also have a wider role in protecting their interests.The sector skills councils create the conditions for increased employer investment in skills which will drive enterprise and create jobs and sustainable economic growth. The regulatory bodies exercise a regulatory function: impose requirements, restrictions and conditions, set standards in relation to any activity, and secure compliance & enforcement. 4. Understand career pathways available within own and related sectors 4. 1 Explore different types of o ccupational opportunities.There are different pathways available within Health and Social Care sector, including: Adult Social Care, Healthcare: Arts Therapy, Clinical Support Staff/Healthcare Assistant, Dentistry & Dental Hygiene, Medical Doctors & Surgeons, Medical Sales & Marketing, Nursing & Midwifery, Paramedic & Ambulance Services, Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation & Occupational Therapy, Psychological Therapy, Speech & Language Therapy; Social Care: Adoption & Fostering, Alcohol & Substance Misuse, Children & Families, Domestic violence, Housing & Homelessness, Learning Disabilities, Mental Health, Older People, Physical & Sensory Impairment, Sexual Health, Social Work, Youth Work & Youth Justice.4. 2 Identify sources of information related to a chosen career pathway. There is information available in colleges and training organisations, websites like careerpath, careerprofiles, Jobsite UK, etc; also NHS Careers, Direct Gov Careers, and from your manager & colleagues).4. 3 Identi fy next steps in own career pathway.When I complete my QCF level 2 in Health and Social Care I would like to start level3. 5. Understand how issues of public concern may affect the image and delivery of services in the sector5. 1 Identify occasions where the public have raised concerns regarding issues within the sector. There have been numerous investigations into the quality of care provided by care homes and domiciliary care companies. The investigation into the abuse of children in North Wales care homes, and abuse of the elderly in Winterbourne View & Cedar Grove were started by individuals who complained either to CQC or various newspapers and television news broadcasters.5.2 Outline different viewpoints around an issue of public concern relevant to the sector.There are various viewpoints around cases of abuse which have caused a public concern. Lack of funding and government cuts, Lack of specialist training and keeping up to date with new guidelines and regulations, Lack of trust and belief with the companies which need to make profit, and the responsible bodies such as social services, CQC, the police, care providers and care staff, the families of the victims, inadequate sharing of information with various outsiders who have input to the care given, bureaucracy, etc.5. 3 Describe how issues of public concern have altered public views of the sector.With more than quarter of care companies are not meeting standards on care and welfare, the public have seemed to lost faith in such regulators and companies as this has been recurring for a number of years. The media have issued a lot of publicity stating how care companies, social services, and regulators have let the victims down by simply not taking these cases seriously enough and ensuring the well-being and standards are being met. BBC1 and Channel 4 have been the main channels on television who have reported on such cases from being under cover within the sector to show the public what can go wrong w ithin care.5. 4 Describe recent changes in service delivery which have affected own area of work.The number of reports of vulnerable elderly people has been on the increase over the recent years, and a need for changes within Health and Social Care sector has been highlighted. The areas of health and social care that have been identified as needing special attention: involvement, dignity and respect, meeting fundamental needs, access to information and support, partnership working, personalised services, effective commissioning, flexibility and creativity, inclusion, and carer as partners in care. Myself and my colleagues have been made aware of these areas and solutions to possible difficulties by received regular training on these issues.

Italian and Northern European Renaissance

Italian and Yankee European metempsychosis The Italian and jointureerly Europe metempsychosiss were both(prenominal) an key mark in account by changing the estimatels of life, thought, culture, and subterfuge of the hatfuls of this time. In this paper I will explain the motive for reassign in these cultures, including the similarities and differences of the two cultures. The Italian and northern European renascence was the marking touch for leaving behind the old shipway and moving into the to a greater extent stainless ideals and civilizations for Italy and Union Europe. However, northerly Europe developed their ideals much slowly then Italy did. For one thing, the north held on to chivalric (or Middle Ages) art and arc beltecture with a tighter, longer captivate than did Italy (Esaak, 2010). Both the Greeks and the Romans found they needed to reinvent the classical ideals through their literature and philosophic writings, making art an important fixings in the ir decisions. The Renaissance block for the Italians and the Greeks was more focused on the ideal of an separate person, the impressiveness of classical art, literature, and the laws of the country. The Italian Renaissance played a bragging(a) grapheme in how individualists viewed and thought about themselves.The idea of a person thinking of themselves of an individual instead of a group became a large focus in philosophers writings. Individualism was celebrated and encouraged during this time. azoic Italian Renaissance too marked the changes in social, political, and economical changes. The development in political stability was due to the change magnitude contact with other civilizations, and urbanization hit its climax. The humanistic discipline of the Italian Renaissance reflected the trust of the people of this time. This confidence is noticeable in paintings by Donatello, and Michelangelo.Even though the paintings still reflected Christian, and worldly subjects, t he classical ideals were woven into the art work. The computer architecture during the Italian Renaissance was based upon the appearance, theory, details, and measurements of classical world architecture. The classical aspects were used to modify the Christian and secular buildings. The lofty Renaissance in Italy, although short lived, was extremely important on the functions of proximo Italian art. During the High Renaissance the main focus on Florence, for the arts, shifted to Rome due to the power and riches from the popes.Because of the apparent motion from Florence to Rome, the two most important factors of this time, Classicism and Christianity, were merged into one. Italian ideas were also brought northward through trade and traffic into Europe, where they had a tremendous amount of influence on the artistic traditions there as well (Benton & DiYanni, 2008). Both the Italian and northerly European Renaissance had interest in changing their ideals in individualism, huma nism, and classicism, which has a large impact on their cultures, and arts.Many of the literary kit and caboodle of this time expressed the same interests amongst Italy and blue Europe. Examples nominate be instructn in the writings of Petrarch (Italian) and Michel de Montaigne (Northern European). Both of these writers expressed the importance and idealism of humanism. The literature during this time was a wonderful looking glass into the similarities and differences of Italy and Northern Europe. After looking at the Italian and Northern Europe Renaissances, one can see the many similarities between the arts and cultures, but the differences of these cultures are not as easily noticeable.One difference between Italy and Northern Europe was the decline of the Catholic church in Northern Europe. Europeans began to discover impertinently religious practices, and not follow the expression Catholic traditions. Italy on the other hand, keep to have a strong preserve on the trad itional Catholic traditions, and practices. another(prenominal) difference between the two cultures, as mentioned before, was the architecture. Italy moved from the Gothic architecture and interior decoration while Northern Europe held onto the Gothic style for a longer period of time.When comparing the similarities and differences between the Italian and Northern Europe Renaissances, one can see both cultures held many of the same beliefs, motivations, and move for change. Art and culture were both very(prenominal) important for these cultures and helped lead the way for future development of the cultures. References Esaak, S. (2010). The Renaissance in Northern Europe Art History one hundred oneBasics. Retrieved June 6, 2010, from http//arthistory. about. com/cs/arthistory10one/a/north_ren. htm Benton & DiYanni, (2008). Arts and Culture, feature Volume (3rd Edition). Retrieved June 6, 2010, from